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Background: Walking in high-heeled shoes is widespread dress behavior of women of modern society. It increases lower limb muscles activity and energy cost. The need to generate larger muscular forces during walking increases the metabolic demand, thus oxygen consumption (VO2) is increased when wearing high heels. Aims and Objectives: To access effect of high-heeled shoes on Energy Expenditure (EE) and VO2 in Healthy Young female. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among fifty apparently healthy female students between the ages of 20 and 26 yrs. Resting arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR), VO2, heat production, and EE were recorded. Then, subjects walked barefooted a distance of 76.5 meters in 2 min. Following the barefooted walk, cardiac and metabolic parameter were recorded again. The subjects walked 76.5 meters in high-heeled shoes of 2, 4, and 6 inches. These parameters were recorded immediately after 76.5 meters of walking in high-heeled shoes. Results: The results from the present study indicate that walking a distance of 76.5 meters barefooted resulted in a significant increase only in mean arterial pressure, HR and rate pressure product. The EE and VO2 after walking a distance of 76.5 meters in high-heeled shoes of 2, 4, and 6 inches heel heights was significantly higher than walking a distance of 76.5 meters barefooted. Conclusion: Walking barefooted required lesser effort than walking in high-heeled shoes of different heel heights. Effort should therefore be made to encourage women to reconsider the habitual use of high-heeled shoes.
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PURPOSE@#This study evaluated the angular kinematic and moment of the ankle and foot during shod walking and barefoot walking in individuals with unilateral chronic ankle instability (CAI).@*METHODS@#Recreational soccer players with unilateral CAI were recruited for this cross sectional study conducted between January and August 2019. A total of 40 participants were screened for eligibility but only 31 met the inclusion criteria based on the methods of Delahunt et al and Gribble et al. Except for 3 participants not attending the evaluation session, 28 participants were finally included. A three dimensional motion analysis system made up of ProReflex motion capture unit and an AMTIb Kistler force plate, embedded in the middle of nine meter walkway, were used to assess the ankle and foot angles and moment during shod walking and barefoot walking conditions. A Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20.0) was used to analyze data.@*RESULTS@#During shod walking, the ankle joint plantar-flexion range of motion (ROM) at 10% of the gait cycle (GC) and dorsiflexion ROM at 30% of the GC were significantly higher than those during barefoot walking for both feet (p = 0.001, 0.001, 0.027, and 0.036 respectively). The inversion ROM during shod walking was significantly higher than that during barefoot walking for both feet at 10% and 30% of the GC (p = 0.001. 0.001, 0.001, and 0.042 respectively). At 10% of the GC, the eversion moment was significantly higher between barefoot and shod walking for both feet (both p = 0.001). At 30% of the GC, there was no significant difference between shod and barefoot walking plantar-flexion moment of both feet (p = 0.975 and 0.763 respectively), and the eversion moment of both feet (p = 0.116 and 0.101 respectively).@*CONCLUSION@#At the early stance, shod walking increases the ankle plantar-flexion and foot inversion ROM, and decreases the eversion moment for both feet in subjects with unilateral CAI. Therefore, the foot wearing condition should be considered during evaluation of ankle and foot kinematics and kinetics.
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La carrera descalza ha sido ampliamente estudiada últimamente, pero poco se sabe de cambios anatómicos que produce en el pie. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar estos cambios producidos de forma aguda y a largo plazo en sujetos que entrenan a pie descalzo. 29 sujetos divididos en dos grupos: Barefoot (BFGr) (n=17) y Shod (SGr) (n=12), realizaron un protocolo de efecto agudo consistente en correr durante 20 min sobre treadmill a 3.1 m/s y un protocolo de entrenamiento de 8 semanas de carrera de resistencia con aumento progresivo de volumen. BFGr realizó todas las sesiones a pie descalzo. Al finalizar cada protocolo se midió Foot Length (FL), Forefoot Width (FW), Hindfoot Width (HW), Navicular Height (NH), Arch Index (AI) y Maximum Surface (MS). Se efectuó ANOVA 3x2 para comprobar los efectos que el tiempo y la condición de calzado produjo. La condición de calzado produjo efectos significativos sobre todas las variables (FL: p=0.000, η2p=0.997; FW: p=0.000, η2p=0,997; HW: p=0.000, η2p= 0,994; NH: p=0.000, η2p=0.953; AI: p=0.000, η2p=0.898; MS: p=0.000, η2p=0.983) y el factor tiempo sobre AI (p=0.012, η2p=0.152) y MS (p=0.000, η2p=0.259). Hubo interacción significativa Tiempo x Condición en FW (p=0.036, η2p= 0.116) y NH (p=0.019, η2p= 0.143). MS aumentó luego del protocolo de efecto agudo (p=0.000) y a largo plazo (p=0.001) en BFGr. El porcentaje de sujetos con pie normal aumentó en BFGr y con pie plano aumentó en SGr. El entrenamiento de carrera a pie descalzo produce efectos, principalmente luego de un período de adaptación de 8 semanas, tendientes a un aumento armónico en la superficie de apoyo plantar con tendencia a una disminución relativa del área del mediopié, lo cual se tradujo en una disminución de sujetos con arco plantar de tipología plana.
Barefoot running has been studied extensively recently, but little is known of the anatomical changes that take place in the foot. The objective of this study was to determine the acute and chronic changes that are produced in subjects who train barefoot. 29 subjects divided into two groups, Barefoot (BFGr) (n=17) and Shod (SGr) (n=12), followed an acute effect protocol which consisted in running during 20 min on a treadmill at 3.1 m/s, and an eight-week long chronic effect protocol covering eight weeks of resistance running with progressively increasing volume. BFGr did all the sessions barefoot. At the end of each protocol Foot Length (FL), Forefoot Width (FW), Hindfoot Width (HW), Navicular Height (NH), Arch Index (AI), and Maximum Surface (MS) were measured. ANOVA 3x2 was run to verify the effects caused by time and the shod condition produced. Shod/ Unshod factor caused significant effects on all the variables (FL: p=0.000, η2p=0.997; FW: p=0.000, η2p=0,997; HW: p=0.000, η2p= 0,994; NH: p=0.000, η2p=0.953; AI: p=0.000, η2p=0.898; MS: p=0.000, η2p=0.983), and the time factor on AI (p=0.012, η2p=0.152) and MS (p=0.000, η2p=0.259). There was a significant Time x Condition interaction in FW (p=0.036, η2p=0.116) and NH (p=0.019, η2p= 0.143). MS increased after the acute (p=0.000) and the chronic (p=0.001) protocols in the BFGr. The percentage of subjects with normal feet increased in the BFGr and that with flat feet increased in SGr. Barefoot running training causes effects, mainly after an adaptation period of eight weeks, tending to a harmonic surface increase on the support plantar area, with a relative decrease of the midfoot area, which meant a decrease of subjects with plantar arch of flat type.
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Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Pressure , Running/physiology , Foot/anatomy & histology , Shoes , Time Factors , Adaptation, Physiological , Anthropometry , Reproducibility of Results , Analysis of VarianceABSTRACT
Long distance running is a popular sport with a high risk of getting musculoskeletal injuries, which is closely related to running shoes and foot-strike patterns. Biomechanical researches on relationship of running shoes and foot-strike patterns with running injuries were searched on the chain cloud library and Google academic database, and a total of 42 papers published from 1981 to 2016 were reviewed. There is not enough evidence to prove that running shoes have an effective cushioning and motor controlling function as what they claim, while barefoot running as a kind of more natural running pattern should be encouraged. Generally speaking, the forefoot strike has a lower injury risk on the knee, but increases the load on ankle and metatarsal bones. On the contrary, the rear foot strike always has a higher injury risk on the knee while a lower load on ankle and metatarsal bones. Therefore, runners should choose a suitable running method depending on their own conditions. The influence of running method transformation on biomechanical characteristics of lower limbs is not clear, and researches in such area may give more effective suggestions for runners to change their running methods.
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Objective To investigate the influence of barefoot running and shod running with different foot-strike patterns on characteristics of plantar pressures and ground reaction force (GRF).Methods Kistler force plates and Medilogic insole plantar pressure system were used to collect the kinetic data from a total of 12 healthy male volunteers under shod and barefoot conditions with heel strike and forefoot strike at the speed of 3 m/s,including the GRF,the peak impact force,the maximum loading rate,the peak plantar pressure and impulse.Results (1) Shod running with heel strike significantly reduced the maximum loading rate and extended the time to reach the peak impact force.Under forefoot strike pattern,shod running significantly increased the maximum push-off force than barefoot running.(2) More plantar pressure parameters were influenced by the foot-strike patterns as compared to those under the shod conditions,and there was a significant difference in the peak pressure and the time to reach the peak pressure in the mid-foot and heel region between two foot-strike patterns.Conclusions The foot-strike pattern shows a more obvious influence on plantar pressure during jogging than the shod conditions.Shod running with heel strike can reduce the impact load,while barefoot running with forefoot strike can cause an excessive concentration of plantar pressure on the forefoot region,indicating that a suitable pair of sports shoes is needed for both foot-strike patterns to reduce the plantar pressure during jogging.
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Objective To investigate the influence of barefoot running and shod running with different foot-strike patterns on characteristics of plantar pressures. Methods Kistler force plates and Medilogic insole plantar pressure system were used to collect and compare the kinetic data from a total of 12 healthy male volunteers under shod and barefoot conditions with heel-toe run and toe-toe run at the speed of 3 m/s, including the GRF, loading rate, plantar pressure and impulse. Results (1) Shod running with heel-toe strike significantly reduced the maximum loading rate and extended the time to reach the peak of impact force. Under forefoot strike pattern, shod running significantly increased the maximum push-off force than barefoot running. (2) More plantar pressure parameters were influenced by the foot-strike patterns as compared to those under the shod conditions, and there was a significant difference in the peak pressure and the time to reach the peak pressure in the mid-foot and heel region between the two foot-strike patterns. Conclusions The foot-strike pattern shows a more obvious influence on plantar pressure during jogging than the shod conditions. Shod running with heel strike can reduce the impact force, while barefoot running with forefoot strike can cause an excessive concentration of plantar pressure on the forefoot region, which indicates that a suitable pair of sports shoes is needed for both foot-strike patterns to reduce plantar pressure during jogging.
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Objective To investigate the influence of barefoot running and shod running with different foot-strike patterns on characteristics of plantar pressures and ground reaction force (GRF).Methods Kistler force plates and Medilogic insole plantar pressure system were used to collect the kinetic data from a total of 12 healthy male volunteers under shod and barefoot conditions with heel strike and forefoot strike at the speed of 3 m/s,including the GRF,the peak impact force,the maximum loading rate,the peak plantar pressure and impulse.Results (1) Shod running with heel strike significantly reduced the maximum loading rate and extended the time to reach the peak impact force.Under forefoot strike pattern,shod running significantly increased the maximum push-off force than barefoot running.(2) More plantar pressure parameters were influenced by the foot-strike patterns as compared to those under the shod conditions,and there was a significant difference in the peak pressure and the time to reach the peak pressure in the mid-foot and heel region between two foot-strike patterns.Conclusions The foot-strike pattern shows a more obvious influence on plantar pressure during jogging than the shod conditions.Shod running with heel strike can reduce the impact load,while barefoot running with forefoot strike can cause an excessive concentration of plantar pressure on the forefoot region,indicating that a suitable pair of sports shoes is needed for both foot-strike patterns to reduce the plantar pressure during jogging.
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Objective To investigate the influence of barefoot running and shod running with different foot-strike patterns on characteristics of plantar pressures and ground reaction force (GRF).Methods Kistler force plates and Medilogic insole plantar pressure system were used to collect the kinetic data from a total of 12 healthy male volunteers under shod and barefoot conditions with heel strike and forefoot strike at the speed of 3 m/s,including the GRF,the peak impact force,the maximum loading rate,the peak plantar pressure and impulse.Results (1) Shod running with heel strike significantly reduced the maximum loading rate and extended the time to reach the peak impact force.Under forefoot strike pattern,shod running significantly increased the maximum push-off force than barefoot running.(2) More plantar pressure parameters were influenced by the foot-strike patterns as compared to those under the shod conditions,and there was a significant difference in the peak pressure and the time to reach the peak pressure in the mid-foot and heel region between two foot-strike patterns.Conclusions The foot-strike pattern shows a more obvious influence on plantar pressure during jogging than the shod conditions.Shod running with heel strike can reduce the impact load,while barefoot running with forefoot strike can cause an excessive concentration of plantar pressure on the forefoot region,indicating that a suitable pair of sports shoes is needed for both foot-strike patterns to reduce the plantar pressure during jogging.
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Objective To explore the influence of footwear and barefoot on movement coordination of the lower extremities and metatarsophalangeal (MP) joints during push off phase in typical lunge footwork of badminton, so as to provide theoretical basis for scientific training of badminton, as well as choice and development of badminton shoes. Methods Male badminton elites were recruited and required to perform the typical push-off footwork in playing badminton under two shod conditions (commercial badminton footwear and a prototype) and the barefoot condition. A Vicon motion capture system and a high-speed video camera were simultaneously employed to collect the kinematics and coordination characteristics of the hip, knee, ankle and MP joints during the push-off stage of the lunge step. Results (1) No substantial difference was found in joint kinematics of the lower extremities during push-off stage for wearing two types of badminton shoes adopted in this study. Compared with barefoot, wearing badminton shoes could increase the angular velocity of ankle and MP joints to some extent and significantly decrease the time of peak angular velocity occurrence in each joint; (2) With respect to characteristics of movement coordination, the hip, knee, ankle and MP joints were accelerating successively in a proximal-to-distal way during push-off under three foot-shoe conditions. Conclusions Footwear can provide the dynamic source during push-off, and contribute to improve the velocity and effects of push off in order to enhance performance. The movement coordination of the lower extremities during push off in the lunge step is more inclined to be a rational combination of sequence and synchronization. Consequently, more attention should be paid to the speed/strength training of the ankle and MP joints.
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Policy circumstance plays a pivotal role in transformation of barefoot doctor to village doctor.The resources support fromregime and economic organizationmanagement system, the workpoint system for income from collective economy and politics culture of serving people under the policy circumstances of the People′s Com-mune, lay a firm foundation for rise and development of barefoot doctors.However, the village self-governance re-gime began with Household Contract Responsibility System changed all elements above and ultimately prompt trans-formation from barefoot doctor to village doctor.
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Diabetic foot lesions are significant health and socioeconomic problems holding adverse effect on the quality of life and imposing a heavy economic burden on patient or state. In Indian diabetics poor knowledge about footwear and foot care ,social and religious customs like walking barefoot, walking on fire also have significant role in diabetic foot problems beside traditional risk factor like peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Diabetes Complications , Diabetes Mellitus/complications , Diabetic Foot/epidemiology , Diabetic Foot/etiology , Diabetic Foot/prevention & control , Diabetic Foot/psychology , Female , Diabetic Foot/therapy , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Education as Topic , Risk Factors , Self Care , Shoes/adverse effects , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate gait patterns in transtibial amputees with the barefeet relative to the shoe and also to identify the differences between their gait patterns of two different types of prosthetic feet. METHOD: An optoelectronic motion analysis of gait was done in six transtibial amputees using both the SACH foot and the single axis foot. In both cases we compared the state of the barefeet with the shod. RESULTS: The gait abnormalities which were observed during the barefeet gait with the SACH foot showed knee joint hyperextension of 9.9+/-2.0 degrees and the loss of ankle plantar flexion at the early stance phase. When the single axis foot was used, there was a reduction in knee flexion thrust from 9.9+/-3.7 degrees to 7.2+/-3.8 degrees and also in plantar flexion from 9.9+/-2.8 degrees to 7.0+/-2.1 degrees during the early stance phase. CONCLUSION: There were significant gait abnormalities during the barefoot walking state in transtibial amputees with the SACH foot. We observed that gait patterns have been improved when the single axis prosthetic foot was used.